Fig. 2
Mean distances between individuals of J. thurifera in functional traits (a–g) and in different types of predictors (h–m). Results are mean predicted values (with 95% confidence intervals) for the three stages of forest expansion: mature (Mat), transition (Trn) and expanding (Exp). Functional traits shown are carbon isotope signature (δ13C), the ratio between leaf carbon and nitrogen concentrations (C:N), leaf carbon concentration (Ccon), leaf nitrogen concentration (Ncon), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), wood density (W.DEN) and a combination of the individual traits studied (COMB). Predictors are genetic distance (GEN), geographic distance (GEO), distance in vegetation cover (VEG.COV), distance in conspecific cover (CON.COV), distance in tree size (SIZE) and distance in phytosanitary status (PHYT.ST). Values are Euclidean distances except for genetic distance, which corresponds to kinship multiplied by − 1, and geographic distance, which is shown in meters. Lowercase letters in I) and M) denote significant differences in distance among forest stages (stages not sharing a letter are significantly different). Note differences among panels in vertical axis scale