Fig. 5

Interactive effects of CO2, belowground competition (BGC), nutrient supply (N), and species (S) on total root length (n = 24), mean root diameter (n = 24), and root length density (n = 24) in black spruce and white spruce seedlings. The seedlings were exposed to two CO2 concentrations with (BGC-1) or without (BGC-0) belowground competitions at low (LN) and high (HN) nutrient supply for 4 months. Bars with different letters were significantly different from each other (P ≤ 0.05)