Fig. 4

Mean (± SD) soil temperature, soil water content (SWC), and forest floor CO2 efflux in the control (C), harvested (H), and harvested-raked (HR) plots over three studied seasons. In 2017, the entire area was covered with the same type of forest. At the beginning of 2018, H and HR plots were harvested. In spring 2018 and 2019, complete litter raking was carried out on HR plots. Control plots were left wholly undisturbed