Fig. 3

Aerial photographs of the five studied orchards. Orchard A is isolated. All trees belong to “Marigoule” cultivar. In Orchard B almost all trees are “Marigoule” cultivar. This orchard is surrounded by a chestnut forest. Orchard C is isolated almost all trees are “Marigoule” and “Bouche de Bétizac” cultivars and pollinizer are rare and small in size. Orchard D is located in a chestnut forest. Majority of trees are “Marigoule” and “Bouche de Bétizac” cultivars but numerous pollinizers are planted inside the orchard. Orchard E is one of the plots of Invenio experimental station which includes numerous genotypes from the three chestnut species and their hybrids. Studied plot is the most eastern plot (blue) and is adjacent to a chestnut forest. On each photograph, the scale (1:5000) is provided in the bottom left (each black or white bar corresponds to 100 m)