Table 5 Regeneration predictor categories and their component variables used for effect size analyses

Dry/warm conditions

Aspect—S

5

Aspect—SE

2

Aspect—SW

2

Drought severity

3

Evapotranspiration

2

Growing degree-days

7

Heat load

17

Mean annual temperature

2

Mean summer maximum temperature

2

Mean summer minimum temperature

1

Mean summer temperature

3

Mean winter maximum temperature

1

Minimum winter temperature difference with 30-year winter mean

1

Moisture deficit (CMD)

4

Number of frost-free days

1

Number of growing days >5 °C

2

Soil temperature

1

Southness

2

Vapor pressure deficit

5

Total

63

Elevation

Elevation

23

Ground vegetation cover

Ground vegetation cover

42

High-severity fire

Burned area dead basal area

2

Canopy loss

1

Distance from seed source

45

Distance from unburned edge

6

Fire severity

20

Fire severity H vs. L severity

1

Fire severity H vs. M severity

1

Fire severity H vs. U severity

1

Fire severity L vs. U severity

1

Fire severity M vs. U severity

1

Mean crown kill

1

Total

80

Low severity fire

Burned area live basal area

5

Burned area total basal area

5

Burned area tree density and total basal area

2

Canopy cover

8

Diameter at breast height (DBH)

3

Fire severity L vs. M severity

1

Log density

2

Post-fire tree density

2

Relativized differenced normalized burn ratio

2

Structural recovery index

1

Understory biomass

1

Total

32

Management

Fire and management

12

Other fire-related variables

0 years post-fire

6

Bark beetle outbreak

2

Early winter precipitation ratio

1

Fire presence

16

Fire severity—moderate fire severity

2

Perch height

1

Pre-fire community

1

Reburn and single burn

3

Rock

2

Sand

1

Seismic disturbance

4

Soil clay

6

Soil penetrability

1

Topography

4

Unburned stand age

4

Total

54

Protected microsite conditions

Depression depth

1

Downed woody debris

16

Leaflitter

4

Total

21

Pre- and post-fire seed production

Cone density

2

Cone production previous fall

2

Cone production two years prior

2

Masting

2

Masting—half event

2

Masting—light event

1

Masting—sporadic

1

Presence of serotinous cones

1

Total

13

Soil organic matter

Organic layer depth

10

Soil organic matter

9

Total

19

Time since fire

19 years post-fire

6

3 years post-fire

1

31 years post-fire

6

4 years post-fire

6

Fire-originated stand age

4

Time since fire

21

Total

44

Unburned stand characteristics

Pre-fire total basal area

9

Pre-fire tree density

11

Pre-fire undifferentiated basal area

11

Refugia live basal area

3

Refugia tree density

6

Total

40

Unprotected microsite conditions

Bare mineral soil

1

Distance from log

1

Organic soil loss

1

Proportion of browsed leaders

1

Slope

11

Total

15

Wet/cool conditions

Aspect—NE

7

Aspect—NW

2

Growing season precipitation

1

Mean annual precipitation

2

Mean summer precipitation

1

Mean winter precipitation

4

Moist burn vs. dry burn

1

Moist sites

1

Northness

2

Number of days <0 °C

1

Post-fire spring snow water equivalent (SWE)

3

Precipitation of the first, second, and third summer after fire event

1

Soil moisture

5

Spring precipitation

1

Standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI)

1

Topographic moisture index (north-east)

4

Topographic wetness index (TWI)

3

Total

40