Table 1 Pair-wise comparison of survival during the whole study period (February–September 2021) based on Cox proportional hazard model significance levels. Comparisons between 1- and 2-year-old seedlings with or without acorns and between seedlings with and without acorns of a given age were analyzed separately inside and outside the fence in Cabañeros and outside the fence in Doñana. yr year

Cabañeros NP (inside the fence)

1 yr, Acorn–1 yr, No Acorn

0.099888

0.322448

0.310

0.757

1 yr, Acorn–2 yr, Acorn

−0.02327

0.228537

−0.102

0.919

1 yr, Acorn–2 yr, No Acorn

−0.22452

0.215296

−1.043

0.297

1 yr, No Acorn–2 yr, No Acorn

−0.32441

0.196004

−1.655

0.098

1 yr, No Acorn–2 yr, Acorn

−0.12316

0.308035

−0.400

0.689

2 yr, Acorn–2 yr, No Acorn

−0.20125

0.243527

−0.826

0.409

Cabañeros NP (outside the fence)

1 yr, Acorn–1 yr, No Acorn

−0.02538

0.217206

−0.117

0.907

1 yr, Acorn–2 yr, Acorn

0.103435

0.250238

0.413

0.679

1 yr, Acorn–2 yr, No Acorn

−0.23603

0.289015

−0.817

0.414

1 yr, No Acorn–2 yr, No Acorn

−0.21065

0.288046

−0.731

0.465

1 yr, No Acorn–2 yr, Acorn

0.128813

0.281482

0.458

0.647

2 yr, Acorn–2 yr, No Acorn

−0.33947

0.192479

−1.764

0.078

Doñana NP (outside the fence)

1 yr, Acorn–1 yr, No Acorn

−0.03385

0.216701

−0.156

0.876

1 yr, Acorn–2 yr, Acorn

−0.04069

0.192753

−0.211

0.833

1 yr, Acorn–2 yr, No Acorn

−0.022

0.206007

−0.107

0.915

1 yr, No Acorn–2 yr, No Acorn

0.040367

0.193682

0.208

0.835

1 yr, No Acorn–2 yr, Acorn

0.002412

0.253994

0.009

0.992

2 yr, Acorn–2 yr, No Acorn

0.037955

0.227939

0.167

0.868