Fig. 1
From: Demographic and genetic impacts of powdery mildew in a young oak (Quercus robur L.) cohort

Path diagram of the structural equation model (SEM) of survival. The measured phenotypic variables are drawn in a rectangular shape. A model with three paths (two indirect and one direct) relating “Mean infection (2009–2013)” to “Survival 2017” was tested. The direct effects of one variable on another are indicated by numbered black arrows (see the Sect. 2 for details)