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Fig. 5 | Annals of Forest Science

Fig. 5

From: Biennial aerial application of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstaki is the most cost-effective approach of protection against spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clemens])

Fig. 5

Benefit–cost ratios for the different protection scenarios tested based on simulations varying the monetary value of standing softwood timber. The weighted average cost of the first aerial application of Btk for the period 2010–2021 was CAD 42.9 (2021 dollars), whereas the additional costs of a second and third application of Btk were CAD 36.06 (each in 2021 dollars). Based on these estimates, we calculated total cost of investments that were made to conduct each protection scenario studied. The benefits were estimated as the gains in volume that can be attributed to the protection scenarios by subtracting volume losses through mortality and growth losses per hectare that were observed in each protection scenario from volume losses that were observed in the no protection scenario

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Annals of Forest Science

ISSN: 1297-966X