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Fig. 3 | Annals of Forest Science

Fig. 3

From: Intra-specific variation in mortality of even-aged Cryptomeria japonica (L. f.) D. Don. forests can be explained using relationships among long-term stand characteristics

Fig. 3

Direct or indirect relationship between tree mortality and each of the following factors: SI, age, BAL, DBH, and stand density. Arrows indicate unidirectional effects among variables. The red and black arrows indicate positive and negative effects, respectively. The gray-dotted line indicates non-significant effects (p > 0.05). The values in the figure show the coefficients of each parameter based on the piecewise structural equation model (Table 2)

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Annals of Forest Science

ISSN: 1297-966X