Table 7 Mean ± SE density (individuals per hectare) of (a) seedlings and (b) saplings of Scots pine, pubescent oak, and other species in each management treatment before (2014) and 7 years after the treatments (2021). F and p of each ANOVA test are indicated below the means. Abbreviations: control (CO), understory clearing (UC), understory clearing and pine thinning (UCPT), pine logging (PL). Different letters correspond to significant differences among treatments according to the post hoc Turkey test

2014

2021

2014

2021

2014

2021

(a) Seedlings

 CO

0

0

17,900 ± 9,058

10,600 ± 625

26,700 ± 6245

11,200 ± 2500

 UC

0

0

2500 ± 2041

1670 ± 833

13,300 ± 5148

24,600 ± 6138

 UCPT

0

0

58303 ± 4262

5000 ± 3819

11,700 ± 7,128

14,100 ± 2732

 PL

0

0

9166 ± 6980

13,750 ± 6960

38,300 ± 10.040

29,600 ± 2083

 F

-

-

1.0

2.3

1.9

4.4

 p

-

-

0.442

0.150

0.205

0.052

(b) Saplings

 CO

286 ± 120

143 ± 48

276 ± 118

111 ± 15

414 ± 73

2,101 ± 350 ^a

 UC

127 ± 63

105 ± 56

117 ± 21

53 ± 28

467 ± 101

254 ± 143 ^c

 UCPT

32 ± 32

21 ± 21

85 ± 56

170 ± 56

541 ± 80

318 ± 37 ^c

 PL

138 ± 59

0

541 ± 306

202 ± 106

743 ± 228

1030 ± 258 ^b

 F

1.9

2.8

1.8

1.4

0.6

15.4

 p

0.201

0.115

0.215

0.322

0.615

0.002