How much timber from Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) is left on the harvesting site as treetops? A study on scaling and grading yields of harvesters

Table 2 Losses and surpluses in timber production records compared to forest inventory resulting from treetop bucking position for individual stem diameter classes

			Total loss (−) Total surplus (+)
Diameter class	Loss	Surplus	Share in the total volume produced	Mean	Median	Variance	Standard deviation
	[m³]	[m³]	[%]	[m³/stem]		[-]	[m³/stem]
1	2	3	4	5	6	8	9
10	0.178	0.533	2.50	0.00134	0.00243	0.0000081	0.00285
12	0.864	1.90	1.44	0.00106	0.00231	0.0000096	0.00311
14	1.95	2.51	0.354	0.000364	0.00167	0.000012	0.00342
16	2.19	2.55	0.153	0.000213	0.00138	0.000012	0.00344
18	2.35	2.14	− 0.0730	− 0.000138	0.00114	0.000013	0.00363
20	2.50	1.69	− 0.239	− 0.000597	0.00053	0.000014	0.00381
22	2.04	1.28	− 0.210	− 0.000679	0.0000539	0.000014	0.00369
24	1.66	0.869	− 0.231	− 0.000933	0	0.000013	0.00365
26	1.61	0.667	− 0.267	− 0.00138	− 0.000380	0.000015	0.00388
28	1.22	0.392	− 0.276	− 0.00173	− 0.00109	0.000015	0.00388
30	0.866	0.239	− 0.289	− 0.00204	− 0.00191	0.000014	0.00381
32	0.392	0.0941	− 0.296	− 0.00216	− 0.00174	0.000015	0.00388
34	0.208	0.0260	− 0.454	− 0.003	− 0.00393	0.000017	0.00418
Total	18.0	14.9	− 0.111

ISSN: 1297-966X